During aversive reversal learning, an innocuous cue that acquires aversive. Constrained cognitive flexibility is the setshifting ability of cognition between a limited and constrained set of options. Individuals with stressrelated psychiatric disorders exhibit deficits in cognitive flexibility. Ketamine corrects a deficit in reversal learning caused by. Not all individuals show sufficient cognitive capacity to react in an equally. Sex differences in cognitive flexibility and resting brain.
Cognitionwall reversal learning behavioural flexibility. More rapid reversal learning following overtraining in the. Evidence from task switching and reversal learning. They completed the couples satisfaction index and a reversal learning task a measure of cognitive flexibility over the internet, and participated in a problemsolving discussion task. The cognitive flexibility required for reversal learning of previously acquired behavioral habits. Jul 01, 2012 read disruption of cognitive flexibility by mk801 and scopolamine in an operant reversal learning task in the rat, alzheimers and dementia on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Dopaminergic control of cognitive flexibility in humans and. Stroke induces a bdnfdependent improvement in cognitive. Simultaneous discrimination reversal learning in pigeons and humans. Objectives the present studies examined the impact of chronic cocaine exposure on touchscreenbased models of learning repeated acquisition and cognitive flexibility discrimination reversal and, also, the ability of nac to modulate cocaine selfadministration and. Thus, separating the behavioral components of attentional setshifting and reversal learning, and their neural correlates, is crucial for advancing research on cognitive. Frontiers impaired reversal learning in appps121 mice in.
This cognitive inflexibility was coupled to changes in arc mrna and protein expression resulting in a reduced threshold to induce mglurltd and enhanced mglurltd amplitude. Computational modelling reveals contrasting effects on. During reversal learning, previously acquired contingencies of. Jul 20, 2018 moreover, there is evidence that the role of dopamine in cognitive flexibility performance depends on the type of measure used. Cognitive flexibility is often assessed in complex tasks measuring perceptual attentional shifting or response or task switching, but, arguably, reversal learning is a simple assay of cognitive flexibility. Frontiers a functional polymorphism in the prodynorphin. Oct 11, 2017 they found that an increase in performances across successive reversal learning was positively correlated with cognitive flexibility tasks but such an association was not present for inhibitory. Cognitive flexibility can be studied in rodents using a variant of the morris water maze mwm paradigm 5,6. Cerebellar contribution to higher and lower order rule learning and cognitive flexibility in mice. We compared neural responses to rl and initial learning acquisition to isolate reversal related brain activation independent of cognitive control processes invoked during initial feedbackbased learning. In the current study, we employed a probabilistic twocard reversal learning task n 129 and a strooplike task switching procedure n 188 in a college student population.
Reversal learning task in children with autism spectrum. The bdnfmediated facilitation of reversal learning cognitive flexibility that was observed in the current study may reflect a reopening of a critical window for functional recovery of cognition after stroke. The idea that this learning primarily measures response inhibition has been revised. Dorsal and ventral striatal dopamine d1 and d2 receptors. Behavioral flexibility in rats and mice wiley online library.
Aside from deficits in spatial and nonspatial learning, one understudied facet of intellectual disability is the ability to incorporate new information into existing learning, termed cognitive flexibility. A critical step in studying cognitive flexibility is to clarify the. Overall, these findings do not support the hypothesis that positive mood improves cognitive flexibility. Technological tools, such as robots, received increased attention as social reinforces andor assisting tools for improving the performance of children with asd. Martinezgonzalez, blanca gutierrez, carles sorianomas. Reversal learning rl tasks measure this ability by providing a context to test participants capacity to change previously acquired behavior when environmental rules change. Sex differences in human cognitive performance are well characterized.
Nusbaum, washington state university, department of psychology, pullman, washington, us profiles. Forms of cognitive flexibility include rule shifting, the capacity to switch attention from a dimension that was previously correct to a different dimension that has to be newly learned, and rule reversal learning, learning a new rule that is opposite what was. Happiness impairs cognitive flexibility in reversal learning. Twelve adults with trichotillomania and matched healthy control subjects undertook a functional mri task of cognitive flexibility. We compared motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in subjects with ocd and trichotillomania using two wellvalidated neurocognitive tasks. As expected, several reports find evidence of impairments in reversal learning in the fmr1 ko mouse. Feb 18, 2014 the cognitive flexibility required for reversal learning of previously acquired behavioral habits, commonly understood to mainly rely on frontostriatal circuits, was enhanced by promoting synaptic plasticity via ecm removal within the sensory cortex. In the classic reversal learning paradigm used in humans fellows and. It is usually assessed by reversal learning tasks 22, 48. Using a probabilistic reversal learning paradigm prl, the neural correlates of.
Keywords antidepressants, major depressive disorder, probabilistic reversal learning, ketamine, cognitive flexibility, q learning, feedback sensitivity, citalopram introduction reward learning rl, the ability of reward to modulate future behaviour, is believed to contribute to the aetiology and treatment of depression deravakian et al. The cognitive flexibility required for reversal learning of previously acquired behavioral habits, commonly understood to mainly rely on frontostriatal circuits, was enhanced by promoting synaptic plasticity via ecm removal within the sensory cortex. We have shown that chronic intermittent cold stress induces deficits in reversal learning, a form of cognitive flexibility mediated in the orbitofrontal cortex, that was reversed by ketamine in male rats. We describe how it is measured and present new definitions for its construct validity. Neural components underlying behavioral flexibility in human. Social isolation improves the performance of rodents in a. Because of the limitations of currently available cognition assays, we here describe an automated homecage task measuring initial response discrimination learning dl and reversal learning rl to assess cognitive flexibility within 4 d, without prior food deprivation and without human intervention. Pdf individual differences in behavioral flexibility in a. Jun 07, 2018 cognitive flexibility can be studied in rodents using a variant of the morris water maze mwm paradigm 5, 6.
This cognitive inflexibility was coupled to changes in arc mrna and protein expression resulting in a reduced threshold to induce. Prefrontal serotonin depletion affects reversal learning but. Reversal learning can often involve a single perceptual. The temporal dynamics of arc expression regulate cognitive.
The aim of our study is to investigate the role of the robotic toy keepon in a cognitive flexibility task performed by. Greater mindful eating practice is associated with better. A recent study utilized a multitraitmultimethod matrix and confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the correlations between self and informant ratings of rigidity and cognitive flexibility. Behavioral flexibility in a mouse model for obsessive. Evidence from task switching and reversal learning authors. Objectives thisstudyusedcomputational modelling to characterisethe reinforcementlearningprocesses underlyingpatternsof prl behaviour observed in sud and ocd and to show how the dopamine d. Although reversal learning paradigms tap into behavioral rather than cognitive flexibility, it is possible that effects of mindfulness on attention switching in previous studies would have. Project details project code mrc20nmhca isles project. Preclinicalclinical translation of cognitive functions has been difficult in alzheimers disease ad research but is crucial to the predictive validity of ad animal models. Behavioral flexibility is usually studied in relation to problem solving speed griffin et al. Three hours after drug administration, the authors conducted four tests to assess learning, cognitive flexibility, response control and emotional sensitivity. Advancing research on cognitive flexibility in eating disorders.
The cognitionwall is a wall with three entrances that is placed in front of a food dispenser in the automated homecage. Our findings further suggest experimental modulation of the cortical. A b s t r a c t serial reversal learning of colour discriminations was assessed as an index of cognitive flexibility in two captive species of neotropical parrots. Responding inappropriately, or inflexibly, to social or other cues is a hallmark of many mental disorders.
We examined spatial learning and memory in cd and fd f1 mice using a hidden version of the morris water maze. We, therefore, examined visual discrimination vd and. A reversal learning paradigm can consist of a first training phase during which the animals learn that. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive. The purpose of this study was to probe reversal learning and attentional setshifting in trichotillomania. Pdf serial reversal learning and cognitive flexibility in. Effects of reward, emotion, and motivational processes across a variety of cognitive domains original research report induced positive mood and cognitive flexibility. Amodeo, gena grospe, hui zang, yogesh dwivedi, michael e. The influence of emotions on cognitive flexibility by vera sacharin.
Previous research employing modulation of 5ht2c receptors 5ht2crs in rodents has identified a potential role in mediating cognitive flexibility. Behavioral flexibility and problem solving in an invasive bird. Pdf induced positive mood and cognitive flexibility. The work presented in this thesis explores the effects of systemic administration of the selective 5ht2cr antagonist sb242084 on a range of pavlovian and operant learning paradigms used to model cognitive flexibility and rewardbased learning in. Neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in cocaine and gambling addictions volume 207 issue 2 antonio verdejogarcia, luke clark, juan verdejoroman, natalia albeinurios, jose m. Dissociating the psychological components of cognitive inflexibility. Measuring discrimination and reversal learning in mouse. Children with autism spectrum disorder asd engage in highly perseverative and inflexible behaviours. Individuals with high reversal learning performance had greater extinction retention. Set shifting and reversal learning in patients with bipolar. Firing patterns of serotonin neurons underlying cognitive.
Cognitive flexibility can be studied in rodents using a variant of the morris water maze mwm paradigm 5, 6. Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning. Simultaneous discrimination reversal learning in pigeons and. A synthesized research definition of cognitive flexibility is a switch in thinking, whether that is specifically based on a switch in rules or broadly based on a need to switch ones previous beliefs or thoughts to new situations.
Highdose maternal folic acid supplementation before. Moreover, there is evidence that the role of dopamine in cognitive flexibility performance depends on the type of measure used. Impaired cognitive flexibility in visual reversal learning tasks has been observed in a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Reversal learning requires the detection of a changed outcome, the cessation of a previouslyrewarded response and the selection of an. Associations between brain networks and reversal learning performance were investigated.
In the current study, we employed a probabilistic twocard reversal learning task n 129 and a strooplike task switching procedure n. In humans, reversal learning has been linked to function in the ofc and. Pdf serial reversal learning and cognitive flexibility. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain areas that support specific rl components. Advancing research on cognitive flexibility in eating. A functional polymorphism in the prodynorphin gene affects cognitive flexibility and brain activation during reversal learning mikhail votinov 1,2, juergen pripfl 1, christian windischberger 3, ewald moser 3, uta sailer 1,4 and claus lamm 1. For the analysis of such cognitive flexibility and its distortions, reversal learning pavlov 1927 is a particularly fruitful paradigm e. Reversal learning, a representation of flexibility and adaptability to a changing environment, might represent such a translatable feature of human cognition. This issue may be clarified using nonhuman primates, for which sociocultural influences are minimized.
Evaluation of cognitive flexibility using the cognitionwall, we developed a fournight automated test to efficiently identify reversal learning impairments in mice, without timeconsuming handling of mice. To study the neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in rodents, nonhuman. The role of 5ht2cr modulation in a reversal learning model. Pdf reversal learning paradigms are among the most widely used tests of cognitive flexibility and have been used as assays, across species. To study cognitive flexibility in both humans and animals, reversal learning paradigms are often used 22, 23. Cognitive flexibility is differentially affected across subjects exhibiting compulsive behaviors with only subgroups impaired in a reversal learning task for both species. Abnormal reversal learning performance or altered neural activity during reversal learning is prevalent in ocd patients 610. We also present an update of the brain regions and neurotransmitters that support it. Cognitive flexibility is most commonly assessed in reversal learning and attentional setshifting tasks. Motor inhibition was assessed with the stopsignal task 3, which provides a sensitive estimate of the time taken to internally suppress motor responses.
Jan 12, 2005 the finding that serotonergic depletion has no effect on attentional set shifting, yet impairs reversal learning, contrasts with previous studies examining central manipulation of catecholamine neurotransmitters. In the mwm reversal paradigm, the location of the hidden platform is moved, and the latency to adjust to the new location is measured. Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch rapidly between multiple goals. Stress attenuates the flexible updating of aversive value. Cognitive flexibility impairment and reduced frontal cortex bdnf expression in the ouabain model of mania dionisio a. Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by. Arckr mice had intact spatial learning but showed specific deficits in selecting an optimal strategy during reversal learning. Analysis of escape latencies during the first seven days of training showed comparable acquisition by.
Cognitive flexibility training improves extinction. To test this hypothesis, we assessed both procedural learning and cognitive flexibility reversal learning using a tmaze task in deer mice exhibiting various rates of repetitive behavior vertical jumping and backward somersaulting. Effects of chronic cocaine selfadministration and n. Both species showed similar performances across serial reversals and no between. Comparison of conventional and rapidacting antidepressants. Findings were of medium to large negative correlations between rigidity and cognitive flexibility measures steinmetz et al. Pdf enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning.
Reversal learning is a widely used test of cognitive flexibility across species. Set shifting and reversal learning in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia volume 39 issue 8 j. A canonical assay of cognitive flexibility is reversal learning 3, a paradigm that tests how stimulus. Frontiers impaired reversal learning in appps121 mice. Here, we used longterm photometric recordings in mice to study a geneticallydefined population of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons whose activity we could link to normal reversal learning. Spatial learning and reversal learning in the morris water maze. Cognitive flexibility training increased dopamine in the. Over the years, reversal learning has become a preeminent test of cognitive flexibility and has been used to characterize altered cognitive processes in a host of neuropsychiatric disorders, including substance abuse, obsessive compulsive disorder, psychopathy, parkinsons disease, schizophrenia, and to assess cognition at certain developmental time periods such as adolescence swainson et al. Pdf behavioral flexibility is an important aspect of selfregulation and involves.
Grouplevel activation maps for extradimensional and reversal switches were independently parcellated. To study cognitive flexibility in both humans and animals, reversal learning paradigms are often used. Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced. Neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in cocaine and. The influence of emotions on cognitive flexibility by vera. We used the marmoset callithrix jacchus to investigate sex differences in two aspects of executive function. In reversal learning paradigms, relevant variables include number of trials required to reach criterion during the training session an index of learning, the number of trials required to reach criterion during the reversal session, and the number of perseverative errors during the reversal session indices of behavioral inflexibility. Cognitive flexibility can be separated into two relatively mutually independent groups. Neural components underlying behavioral flexibility in. In the mwm reversal paradigm, the location of the hidden platform is moved, and the.
Reversal learning an overview sciencedirect topics. Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex max f. Set shifting and reversal learning in patients with. Participants were 42 couples recruited through online and newspaper advertisements.
619 221 780 183 1498 1177 778 747 972 1354 1471 1411 800 880 1061 807 857 764 1232 1070 1187 926 1539 1036 1162 467 399 154 394 570 367 1121 1329 1484 105 853 1475 1260 1098 744 636 50 544 903 615 417 690 1114